A building management system – (BMS)

THE CHALLENGEThe university wanted to implement a cohesive edifice direction scheme, and derive greater control of a big figure of bequest systems on the campus, including warming, air-conditioning and airing ( HVAC ) , entree control, and fire dismay systems. They besides wanted to supervise and pull off H2O and energy ingestion. Many of the edifice systems did non associate back to estates for cardinal control. This made it hard to supervise, manage and command the systems, and hence present a consistent degree of service to staff and pupils. Remote entree to the control systems was merely as of import. The university wanted to be able to put clip agendas, alteration edifice temperature set points, see dismaies on failures, and look into issues remotely without holding to physically direct an applied scientist to site.What is a Building Management System and how does it work?The BMS is a â€Å" base entirely † computing machine system that can cipher the pre-set demands of t he edifice and command the affiliated works to run into those demands. Its inputs, such as temperature detectors and end products, such as on/off signals are connected into outposts around the edifice. Programs within these outposts use this information to make up one's mind the necessary degree of applied control. The outposts are linked together and information can be passed from one to another. In add-on a modem is besides connected to the system to let distant entree. The degree of control via the BMS is dependent upon the information received from its detectors and the manner in which its programmes tell it to react to that information. Equally good as offering a precise grade of control to its environment, it can be made to dismay on conditions that ca n't run into specification or warn of single points of works failure. Occupancy times for different countries are programmed into the Building Management System such that the works is brought on and off to run into the occupier demands. These times are frequently under optimal start control. This means that the warming works is enabled, at a varying preset clip, to guarantee that the het infinite is at the set desired temperature for the start of the twenty-four hours. The Building Management System hence, based on the outside air temperature the infinite temperature and the edifice construction, determines the works start clip.Why do we necessitate a Building Management System?All Buildings have some signifier of mechanical and electrical services in order to supply the installations necessary for keeping a comfy on the job environment. These services have to be controlled by some agencies to guarantee, for illustration, that there is equal hot H2O for sinks, that the hot H2O in the radiators is sufficient to maintain an occupied infinite warm, that heating with airing and perchance chilling is provided to guarantee comfort conditions wherever, irrespective of the figure of residents or single penchants. Basic controls take the signifier of manual shift, clip redstem storksbills or temperature switches that provide the on and off signals for enabling pumps, fans or valves etc. The intent of a Building Management System ( BMS ) is to automatize and take control of these operations in the most efficient manner possible for the occupiers/business, within the restraints of the installed works. In add-on to its control maps, a BEMS typically proctors and records a wealth of information associating to conditions within a edifice and the operation of the HVAC and other services. Increasingly its responsibilities besides include the logging of energy-meter readings, a tendency that is likely to go on as demand for sub-metering grows. On most systems, informations and scenes are accessed through PC-based graphical user interfaces ( supervisors ) . In their modern signifier these powerful devices allow the user to rapidly voyage to the information they want to see and see it in a signifier that is easy to understand. When the supervisor is enabled to work as a web waiter, its shows can be viewed from any Personal computer on an organisation ‘s IT web – or via the Internet – a standard web browser being all that is needed. Importantly, the informations and scenes available to a user can be precisely tailored to that individual ‘s demands. When A BMS supervisor is enabled to work as a web waiter, its shows can be viewed from any Personal computer utilizing merely a standard web browser. Andover Controls has supplied edifice control solutions to the University of Derby for over 10 old ages. Over the last five old ages, all of the university ‘s Andover systems have been upgraded to Infinity- enabling the Estates Department staff to supervise and command the environmental and security demands of the campuses from a figure of Personal computer based workstations. Installed within each of the chief installations, the cardinal instruction installation, larning resource Centre, cardinal catering installation and undergraduate and postgraduate adjustment edifices. Some of the steps which are critical to the edifices ‘ environmentally sustainable design and which are controlled by the Infinity system include:Assorted manner extremist L & A ; ouml ; w-pressure airing.Use of the edifice construction to supply airflow canals ( floor nothingnesss, corridors and stairwaies ) and air annealing ( aggregate concrete construction ) .Thermal wheels to supply the most efficient heat exchange and therefore retain heat and cool air within the edifices.Shade Louvres, leaning blinds and sunshades to cut down solar addition yet increase natural daytime.Improved natural visible radiation degrees to cut down the demand for artifical lighting.The usage Low energy visible radiations, activated by people presence ( PIR )Ninety per cent of concerns believe there would be a better consumption of edifice direction systems ( BMS ) if the engineering was more user-friendly and cost effectual, harmonizing to a study carried out by TAC Satchwell. The research showed that cost is turn outing a major barrier to many smaller concerns and administrations taking on constructing control engineering, while the engineering itself is perceived to be excessively specialized and unaccessible. TAC Satchwell ‘s study besides revealed that 20 per cent of concerns believed at that place was non adequate buy-in for edifice controls at a council chamber degree. Simon Ward from TAC Satchwell, said that this could alter following the publication of the Government-commissioned Stern Report, which claims that planetary heating could be the universe economic system $ 9trillion over the following 25 old ages. Ward believes the merchandise will let little and average sized concerns, every bit good as small-scale public sector building undertakings, to do the most of the long-run cost nest eggs that BMS can convey. He said: â€Å" Building controls have arguably ever been about economic systems of graduated table. It makes perfect sense to utilize BMS on larger undertakings, where the cost of put ining the engineering can be offset rapidly by significant energy nest eggs. The instance is less obvious when covering with smaller edifices. Smaller administrations have neither had the fiscal clout nor the specialized accomplishments to take edifice controls and installations direction earnestly. â€Å" When it comes to salvaging energy, it is besides critical to guarantee that any strategies have the full support of everyone in the administration. TAC Satchwell helped present energy nest eggs of 12 % and cost nest eggs of & A ; lb ; 55,000 in merely 18 months. The function of installations direction has grown quickly over the last 20 old ages from a mostly unrecognized country of concern in the 1980s into a multi billion lb industry. However, harmonizing to Richard Strode at BMS specializers TAC Satchwell, it is non merely the value of the industry that has changed. The duties held by installations directors are germinating excessively. â€Å" The range of work undertaken by today ‘s installations directors is unusually variable and some estimations put the industry ‘s value every bit high as & A ; lb ; 180 billion in the UK entirely ( CFM 2004 ) . Increasingly, installations directors are expected to transport the universe on their shoulders – they have become the new defenders of the environment. The Climate Change Levy, the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Part L ordinances and Building Log Books are all guaranting that energy is progressively on the corporate docket. A installations director is now expected to carefully equilibrate the demands of employees for a safe and comfy environment and those of the employer to cut down energy costs and heighten the bottom line, with those of the Government to cut down C emanations. Alternatively, it needs to supply them with the tools necessary to hold a opportunity of run intoing their energy preservations marks. The most effectual manner of making this is through user-friendly engineerings such that can expeditiously and economically command, look into and analyze edifice operations to assist manage and understate energy use. Developments which enables secure entree to webs via a web browser, and the Andover Continuum Wireless Solution give installations directors the chance to salvage the planet remotely † . â€Å" This ability to entree a edifice ‘s information, around the clock from anyplace in the universe, makes fine-tuning that energy direction merely that small spot easier – particularly for directors of multiple sites † .

Causes of the Rise in Global Temperatures

The causes of the rise in global temperatures have been quite controversial to many scholars, relating it to different arguments which are attributed to questions of the unavoidability of the said phenomenon to occur in our planet. The scientific consensus, however, is that global warming is caused by greenhouse gases (Joint Science Academies, 2001). The greenhouse gases acts as a trap to the infrared which are supposed to be released in the earth’s atmosphere. This process of absorption of the greenhouse gases is then referred to as global warming as the infrared trapped within the surface of the earth is proven to be warming the earth. These greenhouse gases is produced through various forms, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, this kind of gas is released through its most common types such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). The findings of these atmospheric gases’ effects to the earth’s surface, thereafter, have sparked the controversial involvement of humankind in its contribution to the emission of these said gases. According to New York Times, the United Nation’s panel, one which specializes on global warming, pertains to human activity as the â€Å"obvious† cause of the occurrence. We are ought to be causing global warming in our every move in this industrialized and technologically advanced world. According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, the mere operation of our homes and businesses are causing us our environment. We use electricity everyday, we buy our products full of different chemicals, and we drive our cars to get us to places but these mere activities are the very grounds of the formation of greenhouse gases as these are the most significant activities that burn fossil fuel. In addition, deforestation caused by human initiatives greatly contributes to the global warming emissions as well.

Analysis of Low Visibility

When humans entered the twentieth century, a lot had changed since that mime, but the oppression was still there for every woman to feel – however, it was disappearing, slowly, but surely. In 191 5 women got the right to vote, and since that moment everything went uphill, for both women and society In general. Today men and woman are equal, to a certain degree, and our life standard has never been better – though it has to be said that macho men still exist. The short story, written by Margaret Murphy, â€Å"Low Visibility' is about one of these men and his animal-like crave for control.It Is also about the struggle of a woman, who Is trying to escape this The short story Is written In chronological order and starts In media oppression. Rest. The story begins with, the main character of the short story; Laura. She and her husband John are both sitting in the living room, watching a riot on television. The omniscient narrator guides us through the story, where a couple of abuse incidents, towards Laura, occur. A while later, we hear about an angry mob, who were robbing a shop under the couple's building. John decides to go down and teach them a lesson, but ends up bloodied and on the ground.Later on Laura follows him downstairs, and she finally triumphs over him and leaves him. Laura used to be a very passionate woman who could cheer up, almost, anybody with her sheer smile (L 19). This however, was in the past before she got married. The new Laura is an oppressed, prisoner-like, housewife who has no say in anything. After years of, physical and mental, abuse John managed to feast on her blood and ruin her life (L 60: † â€Å"Animals,† John mutters, feasting on her pain†). Before the couple got married, Laura fell for. She could always distinguish him from the others.She always felt that the spotlight was on him due to his personality and refusal to be a part of something. Another important factor, to this marriage, is that John was lacking the ability to fit in. She tried to make him a part of her group, and when she reached out one of her hands, he grabbed on her whole body. As the years went by, John had anguished all the passion and hope, inside of Laura, and she became an obedient slave, with no right to speak or express herself (L. L â€Å"One Han on the remote control, the other on her thigh. She keeps very still†). He knew hat if she struggled in any way, she would suffer an even greater pain (L. 43-44 â€Å"So she says nothing. It's safer – less painful†). At the end of the story we see, however, that even after all she has suffered, she is still a dynamic person, as she develops throughout the story. The riot, which was on television, symbolizes Laurel's rage, anger and hope. After taking all the abuse John threw at her, she was bound to eventually explode. The riot reminded her that there was a way out of her misery, but seen Ana to stand up Tort nearest Ana Talent I en angr y moo mace nerd Tortuous Walt resell – a fire lit inside her chest.The only problem now was that she did not know how to free herself from the prison she was locked in, did not know how to fight back (L . 15 â€Å"She wishes she could protest, but has forgotten how'). It would not be far from the truth to claim that the riot was happening in her head and not on the streets. The fact that John was beaten too helpless state by the marching mob makes it all the more convenient, that she managed to throw him off his throne, in one way or another. The ending was nothing short of poetic, as Laura, the once stupid and young RL, made a complete change in personality, and entered a new state of mind.Through all the pain and suffering, she had experienced, she attained a new perspective on life. She was not going to stand for any more insults or abuse and decided to follow her own will. She realizes that the best way to avoid having to face the same agony she experienced is to keep a low profile, a low visibility. The fact that she stood up for herself and left her husband was a victory for herself, however, the fact that she decided to become Just another person and keep a low profile was a defeat to all women.

Is Airport Security Safe for Travelers Assignment

Is Airport Security Safe for Travelers - Assignment Example The Transportation Security Authority (TSA) has continued to maintain the safety of these machines but there are plenty of people who question these results. Known as Rapiscan backscatter scanners, these will be removed from service by the end of June 2013. Millimeter wave scanners will remain in service instead to carry on with the required scanning for all airport travelers. The reason for the TSA canceling the contracts was presented more as the issue of body pictures resulting from the scans which many travelers felt were very intrusive rather than the fact that radiation might be harmful. Rapiscan, however, was not able to meet the deadline for designing software that would change the body images into stick-like figures rather than the actual body imagery that caused much of the controversy. As a consequence, the contracts were canceled and the scanners will be fully removed. The European Union has already banned all usage of x-ray body scanners in order to avoid any potential risk to EU travelers’ health and welfare. There have been claims from scientists over the years that testing criteria by the company, Rapiscan, had not been accurate from one machine to the next and that there was also leakage on several occasions. While not necessarily a concern to passenger so much, for TSA agents who monitor these machines over a length of time, the residue could add up although this was not addressed at any point. Some previous reports had shown clerical and mathematical errors in test results which, when redone, showed radiation levels at 10 times higher than what was previously expected.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research - Essay Example In this paper, I use the characteristics of my five favorite journals to determine how suitable and relevant they are to my nursing profession. My five most favorite journals are The Australian nursing journal, Nephrology nursing journal, Association of operating room nurses AORN journal, American journal of public health, and British medical journal (International edition). All these journals contain information derived from the most current research. They all have several articles that cover a variety of topics. Different publisher has published the journals so in my selection I was not publisher bias. Moreover, they have different editor, which compares with their varying content. Most of these journals have nursing professions as their target audience. However, there are those whose target audience is the medical profession in general. As clearly understood, nursing profession is a medical profession and hence if a journal has medical profession as its target audience then it tar gets the nurses. According to Oermann & Hays (2010), the target audience of a journal can show whether the journal is relevant to a certain profession. Thus using this concept, I can say with confidence that these journals are very important in my training as a nursing student and in my profession as a practicing nurse. Another thing that shows the relevance in these journals as far as nursing profession is concerned is the type of articles they contain. Most of them contain knowledge about evidence based nursing practices and finding of various research undertaken on the medical care field. Nursing profession requires knowledge on evidence based practice and a lot of research for one to be proficient (Webb, 2011). Since all these journals provide this knowledge, they would be very relevant to my profession as a practicing nurse. The Relevance of My Journals To My Future Job   I have read several article in these journal and the knowledge I obtain from them have been very substant ial in my training as a nurse. From these journals, I managed to obtain knowledge on the most recent research undertaken on the health care field one of them being a research taken on Transitioning from peritoneal dialysis to renal transplant that found on the Nephrology nursing journal. From my reading of the journal, I have also come across various articles with very good information and health care. Since the nursing profession is based, on health care, such articles will be very relevant to this profession and thus I expect them to be very important to me as a nurse. According to Webb (2011), the role that research plays in nursing profession cannot be under-estimated. It is known that for a person to be proficient in this profession he should be undertaking research as frequently as possible. These journals contain information about most recent research undertaken by other nursing and medical profession as well as health care practice information. This can be very important to a nursing profession in his process of undertaking research. Since it will be my objective to become as much proficient as possible in nursing, I will be undertaking frequent research and hence these journals will be very relevant to my profession. The Journal I Would Choose and Why All these journals will be very relevant to my profession as a practicing nurse due to the content of the articles they contain. However, the degree of relevance to my profession differs from one journal to the other. This is indicated

Micro and Macro Economics Analysis of British Airways Coursework

Micro and Macro Economics Analysis of British Airways - Coursework Example Microeconomic Analysis Some of the demand and supply factors that have affected the profitability of British Airways as a company over the years include economic conditions, competition from other airlines, rise and fall in global oil prices, changes in government policy, and employees’ expenses. Economic conditions include one important demand and supply factor that affects the profitability of British Airways. For example, in the first few years of the new millennium, global recession has hit hard the company’s profitability. Generally, global recession means that the world’s economy is shrinking. A bad economy means that many people will not have a lot of money in their accounts to tour the world and in the process, affecting the company’s demand. This in the long run affects the profits of the company. Competition from other airlines is also a factor that affects the British Airways’ profitability. In the new millennium, the emergence of many lo w-cost airlines has really affected the company’s profitability by reducing the demand. ... When global oil prices rise, the cost of jet fuel, which is a by-product of the refined oil, will also rise. This will lead to a significant rise in the price of air tickets and in the long run, reducing the demand as well as the company’s profits tremendously. The vice-versa happens when the global oil prices fall. Recently, when oil prices rose, knowing that this would affect the company’s profits tremendously, BA executives took part in an illegal act of fixing fuel surcharges. This led to the fining of BA and the executives charged with a criminal act (Thompson and Martin, 2010, p.298) Government policy also affects the company’s profitability. When the government issues travel advisories to some destinations in the world due to terrorist attacks, the number of travelers to those destinations goes down and in the process reduces the company’s profits that would have been made in travels to those destinations. For example, the terrorist attacks on the W orld trade center had the government informing people of how the situation on the ground was and in the process, the number of travelers reduced tremendously bringing down the company’s profits. Employees’ expense is another factor that affects British Airways profitability. It forms a big part of the company’s costs which are later passed down to the travelers and which affects demand. For example, in 2002 when the British Airways was restructuring its business operations, it had to have 13,000 job cuts. This job cuts were an attempt by the company to cut its costs by 650 million pounds. This showed how employee expenses as a factor has a big impact on the company’s profitability (Young, 2007, p.42) Â   Â   The market structure in which the chosen company operates in is a

Find contemporary problem about ( Personality, Lifestyles and Self ) Literature review

Find contemporary problem about ( Personality, Lifestyles and Self ) - Literature review Example This implies that a consumers self concept is critical in developing a brand’s personality, where the brand personality is matched to the self. Research in consumer behaviour have shown that brand personality is a key tool in consumer expression and instrumental in enabling consumers express their ideal or actual self, or in expressing certain specific aspects of the self (Swaminathan, Stilley, & Ahluwalia, 2009:2). One of the key notable problems in marketing is whether the brand personality should be matched to the self that consumers aspire to be (ideal self) or to the self that they are (actual self) (Malà ¤r, Krohmer, Hoyer, & Nyffenegger, 2011:35). This paper evaluates this issue to understand which of the self aligns well with brand personality and what this implies to marketers. Brand personality is defined as â€Å"a set of human characteristics associated with a brand† (Mahle & Supphellen, 2011:96). It is a critical emotional part of a brand image and therefore is highly involving in determining how attached consumer’s become to such brands. (Sung and Kim, 2010:645). It also often appeals to consumers who wish to enhance, affirm or express their sense of self or their personalities using the brand personality of the products they use (Park & Roedder, 2010). On the other hand, self concept is defined as a â€Å"multidimensional construct† in how individuals view themselves (Swaminathan, Stilley, & Ahluwalia, 2009; Khare & Handa, 2009: 64). Self concept is based on both group identity where people purchase certain goods in order to identify with a given group and a unique individual level self identity and expression based on individual autonomy. However in independent individualistic cultures such as western cultures, self concept is mainly associated with personal identity strongly then with group identity (Swaminathan, Page and Gurhan-Canli, 2007:249). Indeed, Fuornier

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment Essay

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment - Essay Example Increasing pressure on the resource, and factors to its production, however, identifies concerns over trends in its future market. These lead to the question, ‘how will the crude oil industry affect our country’s economy and households’ livelihoods in the year 2020?’ Trends in the crude oil industry identify many uncertainties, both short term and long term. Seasonal weather conditions that affect energy consumption levels in traveling and heating determines variable demand levels and prices of crude oil. Adverse weather phenomena such as hurricanes also hamper production process to influence supply, and subsequently price of crude oil. Other factors that influence trends in the industry include resolutions by OPEC, production cost, and technological developments for the industry’s applications. Increasing demand for oil by emerging Asian economies such as China and India is another driver to the industry’s trend (Nrcan 2010). Similarly, increasing global demand for oil indicates future demand concerns (Opec 2012). The industry’s critical uncertainties are demand and adverse weather conditions. Demand has a high potential level because it dictates the industry’s quantity of production and influences prices at given supply capacities. It is however uncertain because of possible changes such as the emergence of expanding economies and development of alternative sources of energy. Adverse weather conditions also dictate the ability to mine crude oil and are highly unpredictable, being natural conditions (Nrcan 2010; Opec 2012). Demand for crude oil identifies two extremes, high demand relative to supply and low demand relative to supply while weather conditions identify existence of adverse weather conditions and favorable weather. The two factors generate four scenarios as shown below (Burt 2006). A favorable condition will occur under high demand for crude oil and simultaneous favorable weather conditions. This would mean an active economy that utilizes energy for production activities and household needs. Availability of oil due to good weather would also mean sufficient supply and consequently favorable prices.  

This I Believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

This I Believe - Essay Example According to nationsonline.org (2010), the number of people whose first language is Chinese, when investigated in all countries of the world was discovered to be 874000000 while the inclusion of Chinese language speakers, for whom Chinese is the second language makes it 1052000000. This is in contrast with the statistics for the number of English speakers since English is largely considered as the first language all over the world. nationsonline.org (2010) records that population of first-language-English speakers is currently 341000000, which becomes 508000000 when people for whom English is not the mother language are included in it. What further exaggerates the matter is the fact that the statistics mentioned in this paper have been recorded for one particular dialect of Chinese language where there are many more in reality. The large number of Chinese speakers is fundamentally because of the ever growing and expanding Chinese population. China has grown in literacy rate over the past few decades, though Chinese nation had always been ahead in various fields of art, intelligence and technical knowledge. Today, Chinese students make a significant portion of the total number of international students enrolled in foreign reputable universities particularly in the most scientifically and technologically advanced countries. This is in addition to the fact that the innumerable Chinese universities within China are already equipped with Chinese students. The large international Chinese students make others feel a need to learn Chinese in order to be able to interact with them. Chinese prefer to communicate with the foreigners in Chinese language unlike many other nations. Although English is taught as a second language in a lot of Chinese schools in the present age, yet Chinese prefer to stick to their first language as all legal, political and cultural

Universal symbol of an idealised woman Essay Example for Free

Universal symbol of an idealised woman Essay Donne becomes jealous of her bust that surrounds her breasts because not only is it right next to what he desires but also it remains stiff whereas he is beginning to lose his erection: Off with that happy busk, which I envy, that still can be , and still can stand so high. His frustration in the situation is starting to make his self esteem lapse; Donne thinks that the power that women wield is enough to cause you to lose confidence. To Donne she is a natural figure and therefore he begins to compare her to organic subjects, he talks about how she is like a beautiful meadow having been revealed from the hills shadow: Your gown going off, such beauteous state reveals, as when from flowery meads thhills shadow steals. Donne believes that love and women are natural and blossoming and that they should be treated like they are as integrated as trees and hills. Donne also compares his ideal woman to a continent that he is about to explore: O my America my new found land He feels so much for this woman and wants her so badly that he compares to a place that he wishes to rove and discover her body and experience sexual arousal. He sees women as a new and exciting experience and love the reward. Swift never gives his subject such respect and praise as to compare her to a country but instead likes to make fun of this poor woman and at the same time have a go at the religious activities at the time: But never from religious Clubs whose favour is she sure to find. Here he suggests that she does not get in trouble because she gives sexual favours to corrupt priests and other religious kinds, he finds women and Religion as deceitful and untrustworthy as each other. Donnes poem is addressing one woman but it seems that this woman is not one that he has met or encountered but rather a woman that represents everything that he believes to be special and important about women. Although the imagery set up by Donne by his words give the impression of a dramatic situation were he is actually talking to his beloved, it is possible to see her as a universal symbol of an idealised woman; Donne obviously feels that woman are an extremely important part of life and without them there would not be love and without that his life would not be complete. At one point he even compares his universal woman to god, by saying that god gives grace to certain people on earth and women give their grace (their heaven) which is their bodies to certain men: Whom their imputed grace will dignify must see revealed. He believes that women have the power of god because they can give their bodies to certain men and to a man a womans body is like heaven on earth. This figure represents Donnes ideal woman, he is worshipping a figure that believes to be more important than a lot of things in life. He sees her as an elevated subject to which respect must be laid, this concept is not so much heroic but has touches of classical poetry, it is not heroic because the language used is not elaborate enough and nor does in have connotations to other heroes. But the way in which he praises an elevated subject is like how classical poets praised gods. The way in which both address their subject is very important because Donne is direct we are encapsulated by her and we feel pulled in just as he is. By talking to her in direct speech it makes the scene more dramatic and exciting. But Swift talks about his subject in the third person, which keeps her at arms length just as we would if we met this woman. The verse that each poet uses is also important in their conveying of themes and ideas; Swift uses iambic tetrameter which was used in comic poetry because it makes the verse simple. He uses the Caesura in each line effectively as well, sometimes he has it early and others it is late depending on what he wants to emphasise in the line. Donne uses iambic pentameter which is a far more orthodox method of writing at that time.

Theory of Absolute Advantage | Analysis

Theory of Absolute Advantage | Analysis Introduction In response to the mercantilism system which dominated economics thought in the 18 century, Adam Smith introduce and gives extension discussion of absolute advantage theory in international trade and illustrate what to do if countries do not stick to the rule and maxim of international trade in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith prove wrong the belief of international trade between country was zero sum game which means the gaining of a country from international trade was the loss of other country. In additional, the international trade was positive sum game which means countries will gain benefit from trades. In the illustration of absolute advantage theory, Adam Smith illustrate that a country which have absolute advantage over other country if its production capacity in goods and services is greater when using same amount of resources or its produce a good using fewer resources (lower opportunity cost). Adam Smith also says that a country should produce goods where its production capacity is the most efficient and trade those goods where its production is not efficient. In additional, absolute advantage theory can also applies in the regions, cities and firms and tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade. Adam Smith says the labor is fixed and homogeneous within a country. In additional, he also considers the labor is the only factor of production (input) and technology and production cost is constant in absolute advantage theory. He also illustrate that transportation cost are zero and countries use barter trade system in trading. In conclusion, Adam Smith absolute advantage theory replaces the mercantilist idea and questions the objective of national governments which applies mercantilist idea and acquires wealth through restrictive trade policies. In additional, absolute advantage theory also measure a country wealth through the living standard of its people. Theoretical background and Issues In absolute advantage theory, there are issue which is do all countries have an absolute advantage. Adam Smith does not consider the question if every country has an absolute advantage in the production of some goods. From a theoretical point of view, it could be possible that a country has no absolute production advantages or might lose them over time. Adam Smith’s theory suggests that absolute advantages develop as a consequence of trade and trade might be the incentive ways that leads to the creation of absolute advantages. However, nowadays, international trade is widely spread and the countries do not start equally. Rather, some countries are less productive and poorer. They might have an absolute advantage in those goods which only they are able to produce because of natural environment or condition. But those goods constitute only a small fraction of all traded goods. Smith gives another possibility for less productive countries to have an absolute  advantage. He states that poor countries might be able to compete in the agricultural sector with rich, more productiv e countries. Smith’s reaches this conclusion by state that the division of labor does not equally increase in all sectors of production and that wage levels differ internationally. Another issue in absolute advantage theory is how the trading between developed countries that have an equally high level of development using absolute advantage theory. Unlike the theory of comparative advantage, which is complemented by intra-industry trade theory, Adam Smith’s absolute advantage theory can also help to understand trade between developed countries. Firms in developed countries produce similar industrial products and compete over profits and market shares. Trade and success is determined by absolute production advantages which means that ‘art and skill’ (technology and education of the workers) play a significant role. Since this competition exists domestically there is no reason why this kind of competition should not exist internationally; especially because Adam Smith’s theory does not have a basic difference between domestic and international trade. An additional gain is technology transfer or international learning. Developed countries benefit from it to a greater extent than underdeveloped countries since they are able to make use of technological developments. This can explain, for example, why the technological level of Europe and North America has converged in fifty year. As a result, a rich country benefits more from trade with another rich country than from trade with an underdeveloped country. Discussion: Adam Smith’s Absolute Advantage Theory To illustrate the theory of absolute advantage, presume that there are two countries (China and Germany), producing just two products (rice and cars). Assume that products are tradable without workers and costs are not moving between the two countries, but moving between the two sectors within a country. All workers are equally productive and as the only input in a country. Production technology in China differs from that in Germany (see table below). Suppose that to produce 1 unit of rice, Germany requires 3 units of labor meanwhile China requires only 2 units of labor. Similarly, to produce 1 car, Germany needs 6 units of labor while China needs 8 units of labor. As the result, China is more efficient in the rice production and Germany is more efficient in the cars production. Therefore, China has an absolute advantage in the rice production and Germany has an absolute advantage in the cars production. To illustrate that specialization of production, coupled with international trade flows according to the theory (absolute advantage), can be profitable. In our example, presume that China produces less 1 unit of car yet this save up 8 units of labor so, now the labors can be used to produce 8/2=4 units of rice (opportunity cost of car production in the China). China has now produced extra 4 units of rice although produced less 1 car. Suppose that China must import 1 car from Germany if China wants to consume the same amount of car s like before. Germany needs 6 units of labor to produce this car. Thus, rice production drops by 6/3=2 units of rice (opportunity costs of car production in Germany) as these laborers must bring in from the rice sector. Now note that the total production of rice has increased by 2 units (4 units more in China and 2 units less in Germany), while the total production of cars remain unchanged (1 car less in China and 1 car more in Germany). In conclusion, these extra units of rice show the potential gains from specialization if China and Germany focused on the production of the product which they can produce most efficiently. Both countries can gain benefit from the theory, when they exchange 3 units of rice for 1 car. Argument: Is theory of absolute advantage best describes international trade? Absolute advantage refers to a country’s ability to produce a certain good more efficiently than another country and it has three main arguments. First, it argues that regulations favoring one industry draw away real resources from another industry where they might have been more advantageously employed. Second, it mentions the important of specialization in a society. When someone has some advantages in produce or provides a good or services, he or she needs to specialize in the production. Third, specialization needs to be practice in international commercial policy and nations. It is better when a country is allows to focus on production of goods that it has absolute advantages and then import goods that other countries have absolute advantage. Theory of absolute advantage provides a clear and simple view on international trade and helps country decide what to produces, import and also export but it has some drawback since it fails to explain why free trade can be advantages when one country has absolute advantage in producing all the goods. How would a country without having any absolute advantage in producing any good, join and gain from free trade with other countries. How will this country pay for its imports because it will produce nothing that is cheaper to produce as compared with other countries? This theory ignored to explain how differences in climatic conditions and natural resource can contribute to comparative advantages. Some country has no absolute advantage in all good cause by limited resources and technology may excluded in international trade market and consequently, it will lead to conflict in allocate resources in that particular country and insufficient in production. Theory of absolute advantage focuses on which country can product good by using lesser resources. If there is no trade between countries, then the prices of good will indicates by its resources cost in each country. The difference in prices with no trade will reach an equivalent price with each good being exported from the initially low-price country and imported by the initially high-price country. Smiths approach does not indicate what would happen if the same country had absolute advantage in both products. The theory of comparative advantage introduces by David Ricardo has solve this problem as it do not considers cost in production but opportunity cost. A country will trade in the pattern that maximizes its advantage. Next, absolute advantage fails to illustrate the real situation in international market because of some assumption. First, it does not take transportation costs involved in selling the product into account. For instance, if product is exchanging between China and German, the transportation cost may cause the price even higher than the original price without trade because of long distance. Besides, Adam Smith assumes that exchange rates are stable which the case is seldom and hence it is a limitation. Furthermore, it also assumes that labor can switch between products easily and they will work with same efficiency which in reality cannot happen. In conclusion, we do not think that theory of absolute advantage by Adam Smith best describe international trade in today world. This is because it fails to explain the condition of country that does not have any absolute advantage. In addition, assumptions that not fit to reality like ignore transportation cost, use stable exchange rates and assume same efficiency between labors causes it is not accurate. Recommendation A country with absolute advantage can produce a good at lower marginal cost (fewer materials, cheaper materials, in less time etc.) This means that, the country should implement specialization in the production of such goods. Specialization of good can be made by Research and Development which leads to improvement of existing products or procedures. For example, to increase the Agricultural productivity Scientist such as Biologist and Chemists will need to develop technologies which may eventually lead to more production. For example, if a country has an absolute advantage on producing wheat, farmers of that country has to balance the environmental concerns to meet the need in a sustainable way. In overall, Research and Development helps the countries with absolute advantage to specialize and maximize the productivity. This benefits the countrys economics state. Next, a country in absolute advantage should carry out trade. This is because a country can produce goods more than its need. Therefore they should trade the goods with other countries. The trade can be goods for goods or goods for money. When the country is carrying out goods for goods trade it can acquire goods which it cant produce in its country and vice versa. On the other hand, goods for money trade allow the country to strengthen its economic state and grow further. Conclusion In a nutshell, absolute advantage creates many benefits for a country. However, there are certain limitations to this theory that a country will have to face. Firstly, it does not consider the transportation cost of moving the products from one country to the other. This is because, transportation cost are counted in final selling price of the product. As transportation cost is also a factor in production price sometimes trading can be a loss to a country. Next, the theory also assumes that exchange rates are stable which in reality it is seldom. In the current economic world exchange rates changes rapidly. This can cause major loss to some country if they trade in a wrong time. This is because exchange rates play a major role in trade market. The next limitations are, labors also cannot switch between products and they won’t be able to work with same efficiency. Some labors will only have a few working skills and training which cannot be used to produce variety of goods. So, even though absolute advantage gives many benefits to a country but it also have some negative sides which a country will have to encounter and tackle it effectively.

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion Essay Religion has been apparent and ever developing since the beginning of man. Both woman and man have contributed to that development and believed in a higher power to explain their own existence. Now, with the different variations on religion and separation in belief, women and men have taken on different roles that are distinct to their particular faith. Often, among all religions, mans role has been superior to that of women. All of the worlds major religions depreciate women to some degree; so what role do women play in religion? And what impact have they had? In examining three of the worlds major religions: Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, this paper will compare and contrast the role of women as well as discuss any influence women have had in the development of each faith. How Women Are Viewed? The view of women on the Hindu religion has changed over the course of history several times. The view of women was sometimes, but not always positive. In the earlier Upanishad Age they seemed to have been given more respect than in later times. According to the Hindu religion, a woman is the form of energy or an aspect of Shakti. In many Hindu scripture she is both upheld and respected. High opinion is especially given to women who are mothers and disrespect of her is considered unforgiveable. One Hindu scripture states, All other sins are expiable but he who is cursed the mother never liberated. Another Hindu scripture ranks the value of a woman over that of a man stating, An outcast father may be forsaken, but not the mother, she is never an outcast to the son. Many other religions do not hold the respect of woman over that of men. The Buddhist religion for example, states very little about women. This is not because the Buddhism refuses to recognize women but rather that they strive to have equality among women and men. Thus the scripture speaks of the human race as a whole and makes little distinction between genders. In one scripture, the Visuddhi Magga, a monk asked, Reverend Sir, have you seen a woman pass this way? And the elder said: Was it a woman or a man that passed this way? I cannot tell. But this I know, a set of bones is travelling upon this road. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010) In comparison to the Buddhist religion, Christianity also strives for an equal and positive view of women. In the Old Testament the creation of man is explained and represents both women and men as equally valuable. It states, Then God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them, (Genesis 1:26-27.) In society, Christian women have rules and laws to abide by. Christian women are instructed by God to conduct themselves modestly, as a witness of God to unbelievers. Your beauty should not come from outward adornment, such as braided hair and the wearing of gold jewelry and fine clothes. Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of the gentle and quiet spirit which is of great worth in God s ight. (1 Peter 3:3-4). Christians do not try to earn merit in order that there good deeds may outweigh their bad. Roles of Women Women played many different roles in the history of the Hindu religion. During childhood she is under her parents care but when she marries she becomes the sole responsibility and property of her husband. As his wife, she takes on four different roles. Her roles include; servant to her husband in duty, minister in decision making, as a mother to his children and lover in his bed. Women in the Hindu religion are expected to act and speak with respect for their husband as well as other men. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001) In the days of the Buddha, other religious teachers had also spoken on the duties and obligations of a wife towards her husband. They stressed that it is the particular duty of a wife to bear an off-spring for the husband, and render him faithful service and to provide conjugal happiness. The teachings of the Buddha were not as biased towards the husbands. In the Singalovada Sutta, the Buddha had clearly stated both the duties of the husband towards the wife and vice versa. On the part of the husband, he should be faithful, courteous and not despising. It is the husbands duty to hand over authority to his wife; and from time to time, provide her with adornments. Therefore, we witness the unbiased attitude shown by the Buddha towards both men and women. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010) In the Christian faith there is a contrasting perspective. Women, though viewed as equal to men in value in the eyes of God are given unequal roles. In Genesis 2, there is a more detailed account of the creation of Adam and Eve and discloses the differences in their purpose and responsibilities as given by God himself. The general idea is that God did not create the man and the woman at the same time, but rather He created Adam first and Eve later for the specific purpose of being Adams helper. Eve was equal to Adam, but she was given the role and duty of submitting to him. The womans one and only role in the Christian religion is to be submissive to her husband and be a good helpmate to him. (House, 1995) A woman has no role in the church that is ruled and dictated only by men. The Christian woman is instructed by scripture to remain silent in matters of the church. 1 Corinthians of the Bible states, Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak; bu t they are to be submissive, as the law also says. Women in Religious and Leadership Roles The leadership and religious roles of women in all three religions have changed over the course of history. Women in early Hinduism were very well respected. They took part in the royal court, and they were not afraid to push an issue until they were fully satisfied with the answer. These teachers were wise and well valued by other philosophers, of both the male and female genders. These women also contributed to how the various sacred teachings of Hinduism were brought down through the generations. Over the years, the situation surrounding Hindu women is gradually changing. They are gaining respect in both politics and religion and share an equal status with men. In some cases they enjoy more opportunities than women in many western countries. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001) Advances are also being made for women in the Buddhist religion. The Buddha opened the gates for the full participation of women in the field of religion by making them eligible for admission into the Bhikkhuni Sangha the Order of Nuns. This opened new paths of culture, social services and opportunities for public life to women It led implicitly to the credit of their importance to society, and in doing so enhanced the status of women .It was said that under circumstances women are considered wiser and discerning than men, and that they are also capable of attaining perfection or sainthood treading the Noble Eight fold Path. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010) When King Kosala found that he had a daughter Instead of a son, the Buddha pointed out not only their weaknesses but also their potential. The Buddha clearly showed that women are capable of understanding his teachings and also to practice them to some degree of spiritual attainment. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010) The modern era of Buddhism is much different than in the days of the Buddha. Womens liberation, their quest for freedom and equality achieved tremendous strides mostly in the West. This came about as the result of modern trends and thinking, and modern education for women in all areas of higher learning. Like women in Hinduism and Buddhism, women in Christianity have gained better status and new roles in religion. In fact, women in Christianity may have made the most progress over history. In the early development of Christianity, women were told to take on the submissive role and only he a helper to their husbands. The womans role in the church was nonexistent and has now risen to a point where she can obtain roles as a minister and/or dean in the church. The Christian woman also has a voice that is respected and valued in making decisions. In conclusion women of all three religions were historically not given the value and respect that men were, but have all gained new status and roles in their religion. Women throughout history have played different roles in different religion, but most of the time women were submissive to men. Women would never dream of becoming a minister or involved in the leadership of the religion regardless which religion it was. Today, women play more roles in leadership than ever before.

Comparing Zolines Heat Death of the Universe and Calvinos Cosmicomics

Comparing Zoline's Heat Death of the Universe and Calvino's Cosmicomics  Ã‚   There is a fundamental dilemma that, presumably, each person faces as they begin to develop an understanding of their existence and identity which is something like, "What am I? Who am I? Where am I?" These questions are almost identical because they each address the same essential metaphysical issue of identity, "How and why Am I; why do I exist; what am I? What is the origin of I? Where am I going?" The answers to these difficult questions, whether intellectually satisfying or not, come in the form of cosmologies. Cosmologies create systems with which we understand the existence of the phenomenal world, and our own existence within it. They offer us a map, a concept, of our existence, tell us why we are here, where we are, and most often, where we are going. Of course, the most pervasive cosmologies are directly linked with particular religions, for religions are based upon the same issues: identity, origin, purpose, structure. However, this is not the domain of inquiry that I wish to pursue here, rather, I am interested in how the genre of Science Fiction creates, or recreates, cosmologies with which we might understand the universe and our individual meaning within it. How does SF create linguistic models of the cosmos, and what are the underpinnings of those cosmologies? If cosmological representations are created so that we can understand reality, in some sense, how is it done, and what questions do these cosmologies pose for the disciples thereof? I will look at two works in particular for this inquiry, Italo Calvino's short story cycle, Cosmicomics, and Pamela Zoline's short story, "The Heat Death of the Universe." I have chosen to focus my in... ...osmos may be infinitely vast and awesome, it is also as familiar as you are to yourself. Sources Cited Aldridge, Alexandra. The Scientific World View in Dystopia. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1984. Calvino, Italo. Cosmicomics. Trans. William Weaver. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968. Hume, Kathryn. "Science and Imagination in Calvino's Cosmicomics" Mosaic: a journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature. Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba, (34:1) 2001. Lefanu, Sarah. In the Chinks of the World Machine. Feminism and Science Fiction. London: The Women's Press, 1988. Suvin, Darko. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre . New Haven : Yale University Press, 1979. Zoline, Pamela. "The Heat Death of the Universe." 1967. The Heat Death of the Universe and Other Stories. Kingston, NY: McPherson & Co., 1988.

Keyborading And Info Processing Pg 57 58 :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mindy left her coat here. Can she stop by for it? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you plan to go today? The game begins at four. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I wrote to Mr. Katz, but Miss Dixon sent the form 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you know if Luic and lex Bauner are with br. Tu? 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Beau Monde Singers will perform at Music Hall. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lennox corp. now owns the Hyde Park athletic club. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you ask if the OEA contest is to be on Friday? 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dos FBLA meet on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  August was very hot, but September is rather cool. 10.they are to spend July and august at Myrtle Beach. Page 58 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Script is copy that is written with pen on paper 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copy that is written poorly is often hard to read 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read script a few words ahead of the keying point. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doing so will help you produce copy free of error 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leave propend Page 59 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kacy and Zoà « may visit their parents on labor day 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gus asked if Memorial Day comes at the end of May. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Fourth of July horns the Americans Revolution. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bastille bay is in honor of the French revolution. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you were in Nevada, did you visit Hoover Dam? 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did he see Paris from the top of the Eiffel tower? 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Val drove through the black hills in South Dakota. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We canoed down the Missouri river near Sioux City. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jemel lives at bay towers near Golden Gate Bridge. 10.our store is now in midtown plaza on Kenwood road. Page 63 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rough draft is keyed copy with handwritten changes. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Special marks are used to show changes to be made. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First read a sentence noting changes properly. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, check to see that you made. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If not correct your work or key the sentence again. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read rough draft slightly ahead of the keying point. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doing so will help you to make all the changes right. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You soon will key often from script and rough draft. Page 63 Straight Copy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No matter what form the copy tacks, keep the eyes on it as you key. If you look away from the copy, you will lose a second or two. If you look away too often your speed will drop by a word or two. Script Fix you eyes on the copy now and keep them there as you key this copy. Be quick to recognize looking away will drop you speed. Rough draft Read script and rough draft with real care to avoid a Major error in keying. Read a little ahead of where your keying The quiz on the 18th will be on pages 11 to 18 and 81 to 88. The quiz on the 18th will be on pages 11 to 18 and 81 to 88.